Here are some of the most popular pets and how long they can safely be left home alone.
Freshwater Fish
Freshwater fish can be left alone much longer than relatively high-maintenance pets. I have been keeping ornamental fish for years and have found that it's generally fine to leave them unattended for as long as one week. Most types of freshwater fish are well-adapted to survive during times of famine and mild to moderate fluctuations in water quality. Avoid "vacation feeders," since these are unnecessary and tend to degrade water quality (a much worse problem for your fish than brief famine). Be sure to perform water changes both before and after your vacation.
Saltwater Fish
Because the chemistry of a saltwater aquarium is more complicated than a freshwater aquarium and changes in lighting and chemistry can pose a bigger threat to these fish, it's best to leave your saltwater fish home alone no longer than 48 hours. Get in touch with aquarium stores in your area to get help with maintaining your saltwater tank in your absence.
Rodents
Rodents such as rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs tend to do just fine when their owners are away on vacation, provided they are left with a clean cage and copious amounts of food and water. In my experience, it's acceptable to leave adult rodents unattended for as long as five days. Leave several filled water bottles (far more than you think your pets will need) to minimize the possibility that they will run out of water. Be sure to clean the cage immediately when you return home.
Rabbits
I breed rabbits and have often had to deal with leaving my pets unattended for short periods of time when I've had to leave town. My two bunnies have always done just fine by themselves for periods of three days or less. I prepare for the trip by giving each bunny three twenty-ounce water bottles and several large bowls of water. Thus far, this amount has been more than sufficient for three days. Be sure to take your rabbit out of his cage and thoroughly clean it after returning home.
Birds
I talked to several friends who own birds to find out what the best course of action is for a bird whose guardians are on vacation. It seems that, because birds are so highly emotional and prone to separation anxiety, it's never a good idea to leave them completely unattended for more than a day. A bird needs to be boarded or left in the care of a qualified pet-sitter when its owners aer out of town.
Cats
Compared to many other animals, cats are fairly independent and can be left unsupervised for a decent period of time. I've left my cat unattended for as long as two days, provided with a clean litterbox, automatic feeder, and essentially limitless supply of water. According to my vet, cats who are even more independent than mine might be safe along for three days or more given an additional clean litter box and even more food and water.
Dogs
Unlike some household pets, dogs absolutely must be able to go outside to pee and poop-- meaning that they can't be left home alone for more than about 8-10 hours without risking an accident. Dogs are also prone to separation anxiety and need interaction from their guardians, so they may be traumatized by an extended period of time with no human interaction. If you're going out of town, your only real option as a dog owner is to leave your pet with a competent caregiver.
Of course, these requirements will vary depending on specific factors, like your pet's personality, your pet's health, and your willingness to deal with possible behavioral problems or messes when you return home. In general, hiring a pet sitter or boarder is the best bet for even a short trip-- but, if you must leave your pet at home unattended, it can be an option for short periods of time. Discuss and questions or concerns with your veterinarian before leaving your pet home alone.
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